Some Proto-oncogenes

 
Proto--
oncogene  
Normal Function Alteration in Cancer Associated Cancers
Ha-ras Signal transductionmolecule,
  binds GTP/GDP
  Point mutations  Colorectal, bladderr,
  many types
c-erbB Transmembrane growth
  factor receptor
  Gene amplification, pointt
  mutations
  Glioblastomas, breast
  cancer, cervix
c-myc Transcription factor, regulates cell
  cycle, differentiation, apoptosis
  Translocation, amplification,
  point mutations
  Lymphomas, leukemias,
  lung cancer, many types
c-fos Transcription factor, responds to
  growth factors
  Overexpression  Osteosarcomas,
  many types
c-kit Tyrosine kinase, signal transductionn  Mutation  Sarcomas
c-raf Cytoplasmic serine-threonine kinase,
  signal transduction
  Gene rearrangements  Stomach cancer
RARα Hormone-dependent transcription
  factor, differentiation
  Chromosomal translocations
  with PML gene, fusion product
  Acute promyelocytic
  leukemia
E6 Human papillomavirus encoded
  oncogene, inactivates p53
  HPV infection  Cervical cancer
MDM2 Binds and inactivates p53,
  abrogates cell cycle checkpoints
  Gene amplification, over-
  expression
  Osteosarcomas,
  liposarcomas
Cyclins Bind to CDKs,
  regulate cell cycle
  Gene amplification, over-
  expression
  Lung, esophagus,
  many types
CDK2, 4 Cyclin-dependent kinases, regulate
  cell cycle phases
  Overexpression,
  mutation
  Bladder, breast, many
  types