Proto-- oncogene	Normal Function		Alteration in Cancer		Associated Cancers
Ha-ras	Signal transductionmolecule,   binds GTP/GDP		Point mutations		Colorectal, bladderr,   many types
c-erbB	Transmembrane growth   factor receptor		Gene amplification, pointt   mutations		Glioblastomas, breast   cancer, cervix
c-myc	Transcription factor, regulates cell   cycle, differentiation, apoptosis		Translocation, amplification,   point mutations		Lymphomas, leukemias,   lung cancer, many types
c-fos	Transcription factor, responds to   growth factors		Overexpression		Osteosarcomas,   many types
c-kit	Tyrosine kinase, signal transductionn		Mutation		Sarcomas
c-raf	Cytoplasmic serine-threonine kinase,   signal transduction		Gene rearrangements		Stomach cancer
RARα	Hormone-dependent transcription   factor, differentiation		Chromosomal translocations   with PML gene, fusion product		Acute promyelocytic   leukemia
E6	Human papillomavirus encoded   oncogene, inactivates p53		HPV infection		Cervical cancer
MDM2	Binds and inactivates p53,   abrogates cell cycle checkpoints		Gene amplification, over-   expression		Osteosarcomas,   liposarcomas
Cyclins	Bind to CDKs,   regulate cell cycle		Gene amplification, over-   expression		Lung, esophagus,   many types
CDK2, 4	Cyclin-dependent kinases, regulate   cell cycle phases		Overexpression,   mutation		Bladder, breast, many   types