Chapter 22 Quiz Videos  Art

Part 4: Genomic Analysis Applications and Ethics of Biotechnology Review
  1. Genetic engineering can be used to create - resistant and nutritionally enhanced plants. using Agrobacterium tumefaciens for transfer of the vector.
     
     
     
     
  2. Gene transfer by recombinant DNA techniques offer a new way to enhance the nutritional value of plants. One major example of this is the production of golden rice.
     
     
     
     
  3. Genetically (GM), or , , plants have grown in comme4rcial importance over the last decade.
     
     
     
     
  4. Pharmaceutical products such as synthetic human can be produced in bacteria. The two insulin subunits were produced as fusion polypeptides (Figure 22.4 ), purified, and cleaved to release the insulin polypeptides. The two subunits spontaneously unite to form active insulin
     
     
     
     
    Several other proteins for therapeutic use have also been produced in bacteria (Table 22.1).
     
     
     
     
    The use of bacterial hosts can present problems for production of therapeutic proteins, including the inability to process and modify many eukaryotic proteins correctly.
     
     
     
     
  5. Therapeutic eukaryotic proteins such as a1-antitrypsin are now produced in speicaloized host cells such as mammary tissue.by transplantation. (Figure 22.5).
     
     
     
     
    Vaccine production is one of the most beneficial applications of biotechnology. Subunit vaccines have been developed in tobacco and other plants ( Figure 22.6).
     
     
     
     
  6. vaccines can be produced in food plants to fight against many infectious diseases.
     
     
     
     
  7. Many genetic disorders can be diagnosed prenatally using cytogenetic, biochemical, and recombinant DNA testing on samples taken by from or by villus sampling (CVS).
     
     
     
     
  8. Prenatal diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia is performed by blot analysis to detect a restriction fragment length (RFLP) in the ζ-globin gene. ( Figure 22.9).
     
     
     
     
  9. Allele-specific (ASOs) can be used as probes to identify alleles that differ by a single nucleotide. A PCR method using ASOs is now available to screen for many disorders, including sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis. 10 and Figure 22.11).
     
     
     
     
  10. ASOs have been used to produce DNA in which expression of thousands of genes can be examined on a single slide.
     
     
     
     
    Many forms of cancer show a distinctive pattern of gene expression that differs from that of normal cells and form other forms of cancer.
     
     
     
     
  11. can be used to detect some forms of cancer by their pattern of gene expression.
     
     
     
     
    and the genes expressed only in cancer cells represent targets for drug development ( Figure 22.14, Figure 22.15, and Figure 22.16).
     
     
     
     
  12. Genome using DNA microarrays that carry all the genes in the human genome makes it possible to analyze an individual's DNA for many disease alleles.
     
     
     
     
  13. Genetic Disorders Can Be Treated by Gene Therapy Gene therapy involves transferring specific genes into mammalian cells to treat genetic disorders. In theory, a normal allele is transferred into a somatic cell with one or more mutant alleles. Expression of the normal allele results in a functional gene product whose action produces a normal phenotype.
     
     
     
     
  14. The first generation of gene trials, including that to treat Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) involved as vectors for gene transfer.
     
     
     
     
  15. More than 360 gene-therapy trials are under way; most of these trials are used for treating cancer.
     
     
     
     
    Most problems in gene-therapy trials have been traced to the vectors used. For instance, many of the viral vectors eventually cause an immune response or have a cloning capacity too low to deliver the required gene.
     
     
     
     
    New viral vectors and targeting strategies are being developed (Table 22.2).
     
     
     
     
  16. Gene Therapy Raises Many Ethical Concerns Somatic gene therapy affects only the individual being treated and is done with the permission and informed consent of the patient.
     
     
     
     
    Germ-line therapy is not approved due to unresolved ethical issues about the fact that this therapy will affect individuals in future generations.
     
     
     
     
    Enhancement gene therapy is controversial and unapproved due to the issue of whether genetic technology should be used to enhance human potential.
     
     
     
     
  17. Ethical Issues Are an Outgrowth of the Human Genome Project
     
     
     
     
    Knowledge gained by sequencing the human genome will greatly advance our understanding of human genetics and will have a great impact on biomedical research and health care, but applications of the knowledge gained from the project raise ethical, social, and legal issues.
     
     
     
     
    The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) program was established as an adjunct to the Human Genome Project to address these issues.
     
     
     
     
    Finding and Mapping Genes in the Human Genome with Recombinant DNA Technology
     
     
     
     
  18. RFLPs result from variations in nucleotide sequence that create or destroy restriction enzyme cutting sites.
     
     
     
     
  19. If a site is present on one chromosome but absent on its homolog, the two chromosomes can be distinguished by their restriction pattern.
     
     
     
     
    • RFLPs can be used to map the chromosomal of a genetic disorder if the RFLP cosegregates with the genetic disorder in a multigenerational family (Figure pedigree.
       
       
       
       
    • RFLP mapping has also facilitated positional cloning of genes.
     
     
     
     
  20. Genes can be mapped directly to metaphase chromosomes using fluorescent in situ (FISH). ( Figure 22.26 ).
     
     
     
     
  21. Variable-number repeats (VNTRs) can be used as probes for digestion and Southern blotting to perform DNA . because the pattern of bands produced by with a VNTR probe is always the same for a given individual, regardless of the source tissue for the DNA (Figure 22.27).
     
     
     
     
  22. Short repeats (STRs) are used for PCR analysis as a marker panel (Combined DNA Index System, CODIS) in forensic work to generate DNA profiles from trace samples. (Figure22.28).
     
     
     
     
  23. DNA fingerprinting has been used in forensics to rule out suspects or to provide a piece of evidence against a suspect. 
     
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
    
 
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