- chap01 An Introduction to Genetics
glu
= glutamate
GM
delayed ripening by ethylene: Flavr-Savr can be picked later, more sugar
1=D 2=C 3=A 4=C
1=Gene 2=T 3=Nucleotides 4=DRP 5=...catalysts
6=Genome 7=T 8=Sheep 9=Sheep 10=F
11=quantitative 12=Chromosomal 13=16(2**4) 14=F 15=weed
16=All
- chap02 Mitosis and Meiosis
Oogenesis:
primary oocytes start meiosis I b4 puberty;
FSH/LH
surge by estrogen; corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
ADD
prophase I, chiasma
REMOVE
from meiosis_I.html? Too much!
MOVE
mitosis_interphase to before prophase
1=B 2=A 3=D 4=B 5=C 6=D 7=D 8=B 9=D 10=B
1=Mitochondrion 2=Rough 3=F
4=G0 5=S
6=T 7=half 8=...condense
9=Genetic 10=...cytoplasm
11=Prophase I 12=S 13=...diploid
14=...alleles 15=G1/S and G2/M
16=6 17=92 18=4
19=exchange 20=...replicated during interphase
21=Centriole 22=Sister 23=f
24=8 25=second
26=Pachynema 27=Anaphase II
28=G1 29=Precise replication of DNA
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
29= 30=
- chap03 Mendelian Genetics
segregation
= 1 gene; assortment = multiple genes
WASABI PEAS
ADD: sum law
Katydid
nuptial_gift: spermatophore
1=A 2=D 3=D 4=D 64(2**6) 5=C (normal!!!)
6=D 7=B 8=C 9=A 10=C
1=always 2=T 3=Homo dom and het
4=F 5=Dd
6=9 7=...abc 8=behavior
9=64(2**6) 10=specific
11=...expectat 12=...inherited 13=Monohybrid
14=homologs 15=0.75 (normal!!!)
16=All (false!!!) 17=3/4 round 18=An individual???
19=5 (1/2)**4??? 20=3 round
19: binomial theorem for n=5
21=25% 22=F 23=3/16
24=20/64??? 25=Proband
24: The term of interest in the expansion (a + b)6 is the middle term: (a3)(b3).
Using Pascal's triangle, the coefficient of this term is 20: 20/64.
- chap04 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics
color_blind:
ADD labels to diagram, and 3 bullets to words.
X-linked:
ADD However, all females had red eyes. Half the males had white eyes, and half had red eyes.
Baldness
dominant in males; from DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) binds hair follicles, block blood nutrients.
imprinting
only homo recessive is lower right; jusr follow normal allele!
Foghorn Leghorn
(single comb) ALL hh; Seabright Bantams ALL HH
agouti-alleles
(remove)
epistasis
(remove)
1=B 2=D 3=C 4=A 5=A 6=C 7=B 8=B
1=F 2=Not 3=Quantitative
4=T!!! 5=Any
6=O 7=homo 8=F???
9=Epistasis 10=50%
8: phenotypic ratios depends on mode of inheritance: not all genes dominant/recessive
11=less 100% 12=Imprinting 13=In inc???
14=black 15=unlikely
15: male is homozygous recessive for the H gene
16=X-recessive 17=father 18=...males
19=All 20=2 (add up to 16)
21=T!!! 22=produce H 23=4/16 disc, 8/16 sphere, 4/16 long???
- chap05 Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes
- chap06 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages
- chap07 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes
EAR OF CORN; BANANA carpels, APPLE and PEAR shape
ADD ZZ/ZW
Lygaeus_kalmi = Small Milkweed Bug
HinT
male factors on autosomes Drosophila
1=E 2=B 3=E 4=A 5=B
6=E 7=A 8=A 9=D 10=B
11=D 12=B 13=B 14=E 15=C
1=...conditions 2=...NONE 3=Y, X 4=F 5=XYY taller
6=..TDF 7=...females? 8=Homologous 9=Y swimmers 10="doses"
11=T 12=X, sets 13=Haploid 14=..endosperm 15=.Barr
16=48 17=Extrachromos 18=Fem mosaics X-linked genes 19=must
- chap08 Chromosome Mutations
Nondisjunction:
the n+1 gamete show show separate chromatids
8_3_2a.swf Deletion
8_8_3_3a.swf Duplication
8_3_7i.swf Translocation exercise
review amphidiploid
Jimson weed
Nightshade hallucinogen, opens at night; native to India or Central America.
Epicanthic
fold weaker eyelid muscles
Facets:
surfaces of ommatidia: each with lens & nerve fibres = mosaic image.
The N/Y
is a lethal male; mistake in locating the N alleles for the lower 2 cases? No
fragile_X
Chris Benoit Kills Wife, Son with Fragile X, Himself
WALNUT
is grafted.
COTTON BALLS/Milkweed down
1=B 2=E 3=B 4=D 5=B
6=D 7=C 8=A 9=B? 10=C... inversion
11=D 12=D 13=B 14=B 15=C
16=D 17=D 18=B 19=C 20=A!
21=C 22=B
17=Down
1=Aneuploidy 2=...chromosomes 3=Monosomy 4=Cri-du-chat 5=Patau
6=All 7=Autopolyploidy 8=Frameshift 9=Gene families 10=.number?
10: pericentric has centromere; paracentric -> acentric/dicentric chromatids
11=Down 12=T 13=separates 14=Aneuploid 15=Trisomy
16=36 17=13 18=Down 19=Uneven? 20=...18
21=...female 22=F 23=F(triploid) 24=Haploid .. 5 25=Normal, normal
26=Fragile X
- chap09 Extranuclear Inheritance
BRING Chines Mystery snails: right handed
BRING orange/banana for ovule demo
Saccharomyces: packet of yeast
Chlamydomonas
cpDNA inheritance: methylation-restriction by mt+ parent
Neurospora
and Chlamydomonas zygotes -> meiosis
Chloroplast
has own ribosomes.
and Chlamydomonas zygotes -> meiosis
Mitochondria
introns in chap13
Paramecium_conjugation
Kappa:
may contain temperate phages (ch 6), toxic when lytic
maternal_effect:
lower right aa shows dominant; offspring sex does not matter
snail:
dextral is dominant in 1st zygote division.
1=C 2=C 3=C 4=D 5=a?
6=B 7=B??? 8=A-B? 9=A 10=E
11=B
1=All white 2=variegated 3=F 4=The entire 5=Heteroplasmy
6=Hemophilia 7=High??? 8=...influence 9=Left...dd??? 10=Right...Dd???
11=T 12=Streptomycin 13=...genome? 14=sensitive mt–? 15=...parent
mt segregates Mendelian!
- chap10 DNA Structure and Analysis
DNA: secret of photo 51 (Nap=572.8092 FRA, Aur VHS=VCT 572.86 NOV)
Z-DNA
is left-handed
restore
10.4 nucleotides per turn.
in situ
= in place, undisturbed
Molymod/Tinkertoy DNA
Paper chromatography of coffee?
1=A 2=B 3=R 4=B 5=D
6=D 7=C 8=D 9=D 10=B
11=C 12=A 13=A 14=A 15=B
16=D 17=E 18=A 19=E 20=B
1=... did not 2=DNase 3=Reverse
4=T 5=5-methyl uracil???
6=Rosalind 7=... 30% 8=antiparallel
9=5'–3'? 10=TCATGCGATC
11=FISH 12=Shorter 13=RNase?
14=Protein 15=C-3' and C-5'!!!
16=...inside of the 17=slowly 18=longer
19=The retrovirus 20=T
21=... directions 22=5' CAGTCAAGCAT 3
- chap11 DNA Replication and Recombination
PHONE CORD: supercoiling? demo
ZIPPER fannypack: leading strand demo
Meselson-Stahl
density gradient (sedimentation equilibrium)
delta,
xi, psi; holo=whole?
Taylor-Woods-Hughes
telomere
Tetrahymena (ciliate) TTGGGG, vertebrates TTAGGG.
Recombination
results in altered arrangement of alleles.
gene_conversion:
See ebook
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1=Conservative 2=III 3=ATP
4=Gyrase 5=3'-OH
6=lagging 7=RNA ligase 8=3' to 5' exonuclease
9=... fork 10=Found
11=Homologous 12=Gene conversion? 13=discontinuous
14=Discontinuous 15=ligase
16=I 17=... eukaryotes 18=F
19=conversion 20=F
21=polymerase 22=homologous 23=T
- chap12 DNA Organization and Chromosomes
- chap13 The Genetic Code and Transcription
- chap14 Translation and Proteins
- chap15 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition
deamination
hydrolysis releases ammonia NH3
alkylating_agents
alkyl=hydrocarbon chain
mutagenicity
Liver alcohol detoxification: hydrogen peroxide
tautomeric_shifts
Ketones: carbonyl is within carbon chain
DVD Nicholas and Alexandra 1971
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1=... cultures 2=Transversion? 3=... mammals
4=Hydrogen 5=nitrous acid
6=F 7=triplet 8=Auxotroph
9=... mutations 10=... cytosine
11=It does not occur! 12=Can be altered? 13=Conditional
14=spontaneous somatic 15=...amino acid
16=... redundant 17=...CGG 18=Alkylation!
19=Group 1 20=T
21=Base 22=Glycosylases 23=deficient for XPA.
24=F 25=... mutagenic
26=his+ prototrophs 27=DNA polymerase 28=SOS?
- chap16 Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
lac_mRNA
transacetylase transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to ß-galactosides.
lac_induced
allolactose, an isomer of lactose converted by ß-galactosidase, is the inducer
promyelocyte:
bone marrow cell; Proto=First; primitive; original
Sarcoma: a cancer of connective tissue, carcinomas: epithelial (breast, colon, pancreas).
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1= 2= 3=
4= 5=
6= 7= 8=
9= 10=
11= 12= 13=
14= 15=
16= 17= 18=
19= 20=
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
- chap17 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
- chap18 Cell Cycle and Cancer
Spectral karyotype:
Fluorescently-labeled probes for chromosome-specific DNA.
Cervix
lowest part of uterus.
ABL
protein is a kinase in signal transduction pathways, transfer growth factor signals to nucleus.
BCR=Breakpoint cluster region: serine/threonine kinase
promyelocytic:
bone marrow? carcinoma: epithelial? sarcoma: connective?
blastoma:
tomography:
retrovirus:
R=repeats, U5 and U3 regions contain promoter and enhancer elements.
topic: metastasis of cancer cells
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1= 2= 3=
4= 5=
6= 7= 8=
9= 10=
11= 12= 13=
14= 15=
16= 17= 18=
19= 20=
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
- chap19 Recombinant DNA Technology
restriction_map2
restriction enzymes are Sal ONE and Hind THREEE
pET
f1 origin of replication: produce single-stranded plasmid
cDNA
Reverse transcriptase discussed in ch18/retrovirus.html
chain-termination
dNTP=deoxy nucleoside triphosphate
pulsed-field-gel-electrophoresis
discussed in ch10/electrophoresis.html
direct-injection
integration followed by artificial insemination?
Ti-plasmid
Agrobacterium tumifaciens tumors: crown galls; lambda
cos
packs phage DNA into protein coats.
plasmid-library
(recombinant colonies should be white, not blue?)
To lyse bacteria: freeze/thaw, sonication w/ lysozyme, Triton X-100 detergent.
French Press (tiny pores), grinding frozen cells w/ silica powder.
YAC
yeast has 16 chromosomes. Posttranslational: chaperones help folding, carbohydrates
YAC
Wockhardt produces yeast-based insulin in India, 2003.
Restriction
defense: methylate own DNA.
Oocyte
, polar body.
heat-stable
Taq polymerase
oligo-dT
=
topic: transgenic organisms
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1= 2= 3=
4= 5=
6= 7= 8=
9= 10=
11= 12= 13=
14= 15=
16= 17= 18=
19= 20=
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
- chap22 Applications and Ethics of Biotechnology
DNA_microarray
DNA from blood sample.
VNTR
Satellite DNA is highly repetitive; VNTRs are minisatellite: middle repetitive
gene_therapy
adenosine deaminase removes amino group; ADA/ADA2 ratio required to kill parasites. ADA2 may lead to autism.
recombinant_insulin
Pancreas synthesize preproinsulin; add sugars and phosphate groups to fold correctly.
Eli Lilly 80's Humulin; now analogs Humalog, Novolog (fast)
sickle-cell_anemia
the restriction enzime is Mst TWO.
The GAG normal DNA is on non-coding strand, complementary to CTC
STR
These tiny repeats are analyzed by PCR, not RFLP.
ASOs
can ID alleles to single nucleotide, RFLP depends on restriction site mutation;
normal ASO GAG binds to CTC.
transgenic_crops
Canola=Canadian oil, low acid, from rapeseed (high acid). Low sat fat, but ω-3 replaced w/ trans fats? Biodiesel?
nuclear_injection
Emphysema pulmonary disease: chemicals, tobacco smoke
transfection = infection by transformation in animal cells.
QH442.2 .C743 2002: Creation#23:30
woman egg donor, Judson's skin cells thru zona pellucida (glycoprotein) - 32:30
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1= 2= 3=
4= 5=
6= 7= 8=
9= 10=
11= 12= 13=
14= 15=
16= 17= 18=
19= 20=
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
- chap25 Population Genetics
HW:
use q=.1 as example
CCR5
wild type is "1" (one) allele.
Brittany
Franch province, one of 6 Celtic nations.
CCR5
may have been selected by bubonic plague or smallpox in the past.
ACE
breaks down neurotransmitter ACh in house mosquito Culex pipiens (not Anopheles): W Nile, Encephalitis.
migration
Genghis Khan
died 1227
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1= 2= 3=
4= 5=
6= 7= 8=
9= 10=
11= 12= 13=
14= 15=
16= 17= 18=
19= 20=
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
- chap26 Evolutionary Genetics
Adh
-> NADH + aldehyde (or ketone) + H+
Rift Valley
40 MY; Tanganyika < Michigan Victoria < Superior < Caspian
1= 2= 3= 4= 5=
6= 7= 8= 9= 10=
11= 12= 13= 14= 15=
16= 17= 18= 19= 20=
1= 2= 3=
4= 5=
6= 7= 8=
9= 10=
11= 12= 13=
14= 15=
16= 17= 18=
19= 20=
21= 22= 23=
24= 25=
26= 27= 28=
Peter Chen.